Prenatal vitamins are vitamin and mineral supplements
intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during
postnatallactation. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal
vitamins provide women of child bearing age with nutrients recognized by the
various health organizations including the American Dietetic Association as
helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Prenatal vitamins are similar to other
multivitamins, but do contain different amounts of specific nutrients to better
suit the needs of an expecting mother. Vitamins and minerals such as folic
acid, calcium and iron are in higher concentrations while nutrients
such as Vitamin A are reduced to reflect the current understanding of the role
that these compounds play in fetal development.
The increased dosage of folic acid or folates reflects
the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume “400 μg
per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods (cereals and other
grains), supplements or both, in addition to consuming folate from foods in a
varied diet.” Often prenatal vitamins also have a reduced dosage of
vitamins that may be detrimental to the fetus when taken in high doses (such as
Vitamin A).Prenatal vitamins are available both over the counter in retail
stores as well as by prescription from medical professionals. Although
prescription vitamins are often covered by insurance, the relative potency of
prescription-grade products are typically not significantly different than
those available through retail. Differences in prescription versus retail
vitamins do however exist in consistency and quality level, as well as the
relative bioavailability of some specific ingredients. For example, many
[citation needed] prescription prenatal vitamins will contain a more
bioavailable form of folate; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF).
Many women have difficulty tolerating prenatal vitamins or
experience constipation as a result of the high iron content. Due to tolerance
challenges, the prenatal vitamin industry has developed a multitude of dosage
forms to meet the needs and tolerances of expecting mothers. The most common
form of prenatal vitamin is the compressed tablet which is available through
all channels and at various quality levels. Category leaders utilize this as
the dosage form of choice. [citation needed] Other organizations within
the category offer products in a variety of dosage forms such as liquids,
prenatal vitamin soft chews, vitamin chewables, and even jellied prenatal
vitamins.
In addition to the actual vitamin, many prenatal
manufacturers have chosen to include the omega-3 fatty acid, Docosaheaenoic
acid (DHA) in their product, either as an ingredient in the formula, or as
a complementary softgel pill. Although explicitly in many formulas to support
neural development, the omega-3 fatty acids are used by both mother and fetus
to create the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the
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